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Monday, 31 March 2014
Monday, 24 March 2014
Wednesday, 19 March 2014
Monday, 17 March 2014
Friday, 7 March 2014
Radioactivity Test
*32, A27,B23,C20.
1. (a) gamma; 1
(b) (i) beta; 1
(ii) An explanation to include:
1. alpha would not penetrate/alpha all
absorbed/alpha
stopped by paper/eq;
2. all gamma would penetrate (too much)/gamma not absorbed;
stopped by paper/eq;
2. all gamma would penetrate (too much)/gamma not absorbed;
[Accept alpha not strong enough and
gamma is too strong/eq for 1 max] 2
[4]
2. A
[1]
3. (a) (i) 5300
± 100
(years) ;
[If the candidate has taken an average then allow the answer if correct] 1
[If the candidate has taken an average then allow the answer if correct] 1
(ii) / 25%; 1
(b) (i) very little/no measurable change in
activity/not enough decay/graph
not accurate enough/no time to decay/relative statement 200 years :
5300 years; 1
not accurate enough/no time to decay/relative statement 200 years :
5300 years; 1
(ii) An explanation to include:
1. seeds/wooden utensils - yes;
2. as once-living/organic/carbon-14;
3. building stones no, as never-lived/do not contain carbon-14;
[Reject the third mark if either seeds or wooden utensils
included in this category] 3
2. as once-living/organic/carbon-14;
3. building stones no, as never-lived/do not contain carbon-14;
[Reject the third mark if either seeds or wooden utensils
included in this category] 3
[6]
4. B
[1]
5. (a) isotopes; 1
(b) 92 protons;
146 neutrons; 2
146 neutrons; 2
(c) (i) fission; 1
(ii) A description to include three from:
1. neutron hits/strikes/absorbed by
uranium (nucleus);
[Ignore cuts/slices through]
2. two smaller daughter nuclei/particles/elements/isotopes
formed/uranium splits;
[Ignore fragments]
3. neutrons left over;
4. energy/kinetic energy/heat is released;
[Accept heating] 3
[Ignore cuts/slices through]
2. two smaller daughter nuclei/particles/elements/isotopes
formed/uranium splits;
[Ignore fragments]
3. neutrons left over;
4. energy/kinetic energy/heat is released;
[Accept heating] 3
(d) (i) A
description to include two valid points:
eg 1.
energy/heat being released/effect on container/eq;
2. environmental issue/eq; 2
2. environmental issue/eq; 2
(ii) Any reasonable suggestion;
eg thick walls/concrete walls/lead (lined) walls/underground;
[Reject air tight] 1
eg thick walls/concrete walls/lead (lined) walls/underground;
[Reject air tight] 1
[10]
6. (a) (fast moving) electron/; IGNORE
: negative charges particle 1
(b) are
stopped too easily/stopped by paper/low penetration/
/would not be detected outside plant/particles absorbed (by plant); 1
/would not be detected outside plant/particles absorbed (by plant); 1
(c) 6mg
//25%; 1
(d) phosphorus-30
decays too quickly(for this experiment)/
/too short a half life;
decays before it can be absorbed; 2
/too short a half life;
decays before it can be absorbed; 2
[5]
7. (a) (i) (atomic)
mass number/number of nucleons/
number of protons + neutrons; 1
Ignore relative atomic mass unless qualified.
number of protons + neutrons; 1
Ignore relative atomic mass unless qualified.
(ii) Any
two from:
High (kinetic) energy/fast moving (particles);
negatively charged/electrons;
(emitted) from nucleus; 2
High (kinetic) energy/fast moving (particles);
negatively charged/electrons;
(emitted) from nucleus; 2
(b) (i) by an increase in the radiation
(detected)OWTTE; 1
(ii) it
emits gamma (radiation); Reject beta.
(gamma) can penetrate the ground/others can not; 2
(gamma) can penetrate the ground/others can not; 2
[6]
8. (a) An explanation to include:
waste radioactive / gives off radiation;
remains so for hundreds / thousands of years/ has long half-life;
radiation (can) cause mutations / cancers in living organisms /
upsets cell division;
leakage into ground water;
problems / dangers in transporting / locating disposal sites; 3
waste radioactive / gives off radiation;
remains so for hundreds / thousands of years/ has long half-life;
radiation (can) cause mutations / cancers in living organisms /
upsets cell division;
leakage into ground water;
problems / dangers in transporting / locating disposal sites; 3
(b) A description to include three of:
do not produce SO2 / nitrogen oxide;
causing acid rain;
do not produce CO2 ;
causing green house effect;
less air / atmospheric pollution;
saves on fossil fuels (which can be used for other things);
more reliable than wind / solar / wave / HEP; 3
do not produce SO2 / nitrogen oxide;
causing acid rain;
do not produce CO2 ;
causing green house effect;
less air / atmospheric pollution;
saves on fossil fuels (which can be used for other things);
more reliable than wind / solar / wave / HEP; 3
[6]
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